A guide "developed to enhance the leadership skills, knowledge, and capabilities of jail administrators on issues of basic jail administration" is presented (p. v). The data generated through the classification process can also be used for operational, management, and planning purposes. Multinationals with major research, development, innovation and engineering centers in Sofia include the second largest global IT center of Coca-Cola,[175] Ubisoft,[176] Hewlett-Packard,[177] VMware,[178] Robert Bosch GmbH,[179] Financial Times,[180] Experian, etc. This website uses cookies so that we can provide you with the best user experience possible. Of these 864 do not have any water supply and 688 have other than communal. In 2015 seven new stations were opened and the underground extended to Sofia Airport on its Northern branch and to Business Park Sofia on its Southern branch. During the Second World War, Bulgaria declared war on the US and UK on 13 December 1941 and in late 1943 and early 1944 the US and UK Air forces conducted bombings over Sofia. [28] The metropolitan region of Sofia is inhabited by a population of 1.66million. [77] Remains from another neolithic settlement around the National Art Gallery are traced to the 3rd4th millennium BC, which has been the traditional centre of the city ever since. [190], Public transport is well-developed with bus (2,380km (1,479mi)),[191] tram (308km (191mi))[192] and trolleybus (193km (120mi))[193] lines running in all areas of the city. (2009). Sofia has an extensive district heating system that draws on four combined heat and power (CHP) plants and boiler stations. [36], The name Sofia comes from the Saint Sofia Church,[37] as opposed to the prevailing Slavic origin of Bulgarian cities and towns. [93] In 343 AD, the Council of Sardica was held in the city, in a church located where the current 6th century Church of Saint Sophia was later built. They are Aleko and Konyarnika. ", "Museum of Socialist Art National Gallery", "NATIONAL STATISTICAL INSTITUTE Information for the area of city of Sofia", " , . Demographic Information. Sredets joined the uprising of Peter Delyan in 10401041 in a failed attempt to restore Bulgarian independence and was the last stronghold of the rebels, led by the local commander Botko. "Als sie die Dentheleten angriffen, kam Crassus diesen zur. [182] Manufacturing companies include Woodward, Inc., producing airframe and industrial turbomachinery systems,[183] Festo, producing microsensors,[184] Visteon, development and engineering of instrument clusters, LCD displays and domain controllers,[185] Melexis, producing micro-electronic semiconductor solutions in the automotive sector,[186] Sopharma, producing pharmaceuticals, the largest Lufthansa Technik maintenance facilities outside Germany etc.[187]. Opportunities for sport and recreation in the capital are many and varied outdoor swimming pools, tennis courts, modern gymnasiums and sports halls, and parks. Ten of the peaks in the Vitosha Range are over 2,000 meters; the highest is Cherni Vrah (Black Peak), in the center of the park, at 2,290 meters. Basketball and volleyball also have strong traditions in Sofia. [209], Other institutions of national significance, such as the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the SS. [189], Sofia Airport handled 7,107,096 passengers in 2019. The transformations of Bulgaria into the People's Republic of Bulgaria in 1946 and into the Republic of Bulgaria in 1990 marked significant changes in the city's appearance. These include the First English Language School, 91st German Language School, 164th Spanish Language School, and the Lyce Franais. [47] The coldest recorded year was 1893 with an average January temperature of 10.4C (13F) and an annual temperature of 8.2C (46.8F). The infant mortality rate was 5.6 per 1,000, down from 18.9 in 1980. Sofia is relatively close to the capitals of most Balkan countries: Ankara is 1,012 km; Athens is 837 km; Beograd is 374 km; Bucharest is 395 km; Zagreb is 762 km; Ljubljana is 897 km; Sarajevo is 549 km; Skopje is 239 km; Tirana is 553 km. It has a humid continental climate. Being a pedestrian zone, it is a very pleasant place for strolling and relaxation. [198] The master plan for the Sofia Metro includes three lines with a total of 63 stations. Ivanova, Svetlana, "ofya", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Sofia is one of the most visited tourist destinations in Bulgaria alongside coastal and mountain resorts. Hilfe, eroberte das Land der Serden (bei Dio Segetika) und kam plndernd ins. Cyril and Methodius National Library are located in Sofia. There are 221 general, 11 special and seven arts or sports schools, 56 vocational gymnasiums and colleges, and four independent colleges. Any detainee who cannot be classified because of missing information at the time Sofia's development as a significant settlement owes much to its central position in the Balkans. [49][50] The hottest recorded month was July 2012 with an average temperature of 25C (77F). The assembly members are chosen every four years. On the lower slopes of Mount Vitosha, in the Boyana District, is located the National Museum of History, with its collection from prehistoric times to the present day. [26] Sofia hosts some 1.24million[2] residents within a territory of 492km2,[27] a concentration of 17.9% of the country population within the 200th percentile of the country territory. Two functioning cable cars provide year long access from the outskirts of the city. Inmate Behavior Management: The Key to a Safe and Secure Jail, Issues in Jail Operations, 2003: Perspectives from State Jail Inspection Agencies, Objective Jail Classification Systems: A Guide for Jail Administrators. The Saint Sofia Basilica, founded during the reign of Justinian (reign 527-565), is one of the oldest churches in the capital. They can be considered as a single complex, and played an important role in preserving the Bulgarian spiritual heritage during the centuries of Ottoman occupation. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica. The average temperature in January is 1 degree below zero Centigrade, and 20 degrees Centigrade in July . Individuals will be placed at institutions that are consistent with their security classification rating. However, the end of the old administration and centrally planned system also paved the way for chaotic and unrestrained construction, which continues today. As part of the 3-Tier prison system, Level 3 is considered General Population, but is designed for individuals who are more likely to, or have previously engage(d), in disruptive prison behavior. [38] In these documents the city is called Sofia, but at the same time the region and the city's inhabitants are still called Sredecheski (, "of Sredets"), which continued until the 20th century. During the winter, the ski resort on Mount Vitosha is a favorite choice among skiers and snowboarders alike, and during the summer it is a favorite place for hikers and picnickers. DEFINITION(S) AND ACRONYM(S) Many Bulgarian residents of Sofia armed themselves and sided with the Russian forces. In the churchs crypt, there is an exhibit of Orthodox Christian art. [79], In 339 BC Philip II of Macedon destroyed and ravaged the town for the first time. [48], Summers are quite warm and sunny. The SS. Individuals tend to receive greater autonomy and freedom of movement during the day so as to encourage pro-social behavior and programming as part of the 3-Tier prison system. The architecture of Sofia's centre is thus a combination of Neo-Baroque, Neo-Rococo, Neo-Renaissance and Neoclassicism, with the Vienna Secession also later playing an important part, but it is most typically Central European. The crypt of the Alexander Nevsky cathedral is another branch of the National Gallery. It discusses key components of an OJC system, including instruments that use reliable and valid criteria, overrides by classification staff, staff training and commitment to OJC, and a housing plan that is consistent with classification outcomes. Among its highlights is the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, one of the symbols of Bulgaria, constructed in the late 19th century. Serdica's citizens of Thracian descent were referred to as Illyrians[80] probably because it was at some time the capital of Eastern Illyria (Second Illyria).[89]. Sofia applied to host the Winter Olympic Games in 1992 and in 1994, coming second and third respectively. [100], In 1382/1383 or 1385, Sredets was seized by the Ottoman Empire in the course of the Bulgarian-Ottoman Wars by Lala ahin Pasha, following a three-month siege. These key elements include assessing inmates risks and needs (classification), assigning inmates to housing, meeting inmates basic needs, setting and conveying behavioral expectations, supervising inmates, and keeping inmates productively occupied. Amongst others, the population consisted of Muslims, Bulgarian and Greek speaking Orthodox Christians, Armenians, Georgians, Catholic Ragusans, Jews (Romaniote, Ashkenazi and Sephardi), and Romani people. One year later, in 1880, it was the fifth-largest city in the country after Plovdiv, Varna, Ruse and Shumen. In the 500s BC, the area became part of a Thracian state union, the Odrysian kingdom from another Thracian tribe the Odrysses. ERH represents the highest level of security possible in the 3-Tier System and is reserved for those who cannot be safely managed at any lower security level. All facility staff assigned to classification duties shall be adequately trained in the facility's classification process. It occupies an area of 3,170 square metres (34,122 square feet) and can hold 10,000 people. The Boyana Film studios was at the centre of a once-thriving domestic film industry, which declined significantly after 1990. In the 1st century BC, Serdika was captured by the Romans, who transformed it into a Roman city. : +359 885 921 620 E-mail:chitalnyata@gmail.com. Over 99.6% of males and females aged over 9 are recorded as literate. The valley has an average altitude of 550 metres (1,800ft). There are more than fifteen swimming complexes in the city, most of them outdoor. It is situated in the Sofia Valley at the foot of the Vitosha mountain in the western parts of the country. Cinema is the most popular form of entertainment: there were more than 141,000 film shows with a total attendance exceeding 2,700,000 in 2014. This document also provides guidelines for designing a classification system specifically for women. ", "Where are world's deadliest major cities? Inmate Behavior Management: The Key to a Safe and Secure Jail Issues in Jail Operations, 2003: Perspectives from State Jail Inspection Agencies Jails Division Objective Jail Classification Systems: A Guide for Jail Administrators Resource Guide for Jail Administrators Women in Jail: Classification Issues The venue was inaugurated on 30 July 2011, and the first event it hosted was a friendly volleyball match between Bulgaria and Serbia. However, the city is also subject to heat waves with high temperatures reaching or exceeding 35C (95F) on the hottest days, particularly in July and August. The families that consist of two people are 46.8%, another 34.2% of the families are made up by three people, whereas most of the households (36.5%) consist of only one person.[116]. It is surrounded by mountainsides, such as Vitosha by the southern side, Lyulin by the western side, and the Balkan Mountains by the north, which makes it the third highest European capital after Andorra la Vella and Madrid. [141] As of 2015[update], the consumer-reported perceived crime risk on the Numbeo database was "high" for theft and vandalism and "low" for violent crimes; safety while walking during daylight was rated "very high", and "moderate" during the night. There are two golf courses just to the east of Sofia in Elin Pelin (St Sofia club) and in Ihtiman (Air Sofia club), and a horseriding club (St George club). The driest recorded year was 2000 with a total precipitation of 304.6mm (11.99in), while the wettest year on record was 2014 with a total precipitation of 1,066.6mm (41.99in). Sofia was declared the national capital in 1879. The highest recorded temperature is 41C (106F) (5 July 2000 and 24 July 2007). [210] More than 20,000 students[211] study in its 16 faculties. The National Institute of Corrections helps agencies develop or modify their . Six new stations were opened in 2009, two more in April 2012, and eleven more in August 2012. [134] Nevertheless, in the 21st century, crimes, including Bulgarian mafia killings, caused problems in the city,[135] where authorities had difficulties convicting the actors,[136] which had caused the European Commission to warn the Bulgarian government that the country would not be able to join the EU unless it curbed crime[137] (Bulgaria eventually joined in 2007). The National History Museum, located in Boyana, it has a vast collection of more than 650,000 historical items dating from Prehistory to the modern era, although only 10,000 of them are permanently displayed due to the lack of space. There are a great many luxury hotels, including those a part of international hotel chains. A monitoring station on Eagles' Bridge, where some of the highest particulate matter values were measured, was moved away from the location and has measured sharply lower values since then. Some known holders of the title were Kaloyan, Peter and their relative Aleksandar Asen (d. after 1232), a son of Ivan Asen I of Bulgaria (r.11891196). The city center contains many remains of ancient Serdica that have been excavated and are on public display, including Complex Ancient Serdica, eastern gate, western gate, city walls, thermal baths, 4th c. church of St. George Rotunda, amphitheatre of Serdica, the tombs and basilicas under the basilica of St. Sophia. The city is built west of the Iskar river, and has many mineral springs, such as the Sofia Central Mineral Baths. The considerable immigration to the capital from poorer regions of the country, as well as urbanisation, are among the other reasons for the increase in Sofia's population. 125 years a capital. Strictly Necessary Cookie should be enabled at all times so that we can save your preferences for cookie settings. [215] Rakovski Defence and Staff College, the National Academy of Arts, the University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy, the University of National and World Economy and the University of Mining and Geology are other major higher education establishments in the city. During the Russo-Turkish War of 187778, Suleiman Pasha threatened to burn the city in defence, but the foreign diplomats Leandre Legay, Vito Positano, Rabbi Gabriel Almosnino and Josef Valdhart refused to leave the city thus saving it. Mount Vitosha borders on the Vitosha Natural Park, which is the oldest nature reserve on the Balkan Peninsula. Without a doubt, one of the most beautiful buildings in Sofia is the Ivan Vazov National Theater. Level 4 -The security level that is the next degree higher than Level 3, and requires more security/supervision than Level 3. This web site uses cookies. Heinrichs. During the reign of Emperor Marcus Ulpius Trajan (reign 98-117 CE), the city took his name, Ulpia Serdika, and became the administrative center of the region. [10] The metropolitan area of Sofia is based upon one hour of car travel time, stretches internationally and includes Dimitrovgrad in Serbia. In the 3rd century, it became the capital of Dacia Aureliana,[88] and when Emperor Diocletian divided the province of Dacia Aureliana into Dacia Ripensis (at the banks of the Danube) and Dacia Mediterranea, Serdica became the capital of the latter. Popov, Dimitar (ed.). The Parliament Building, Monument to the Liberator (in honor of the Russian Tsar Alexander II, who was instrumental in freeing Bulgaria from Ottoman rule), and the campus of Sofia University Saint Kliment Ohradski are three more of the citys major symbols. There are two ice skating complexes the Winter Sports Palace with a capacity of 4,600 and the Slavia Winter Stadium with a capacity of 2,000, both containing two rinks each. [205][206] The American College of Sofia, a private secondary school with roots in a school founded by American missionaries in 1860, is among the oldest American educational institutions outside of the United States. Three of the ten Pan-European Transport Corridors cross the city: IV, VIII and X. When the Romanian Army entered Vrazhdebna in 1913, then a village 11 kilometres (7 miles) from Sofia, now a suburb,[113] this prompted the Tsardom of Bulgaria to capitulate. Other names given to Sofia, such as Serdonpolis ( , "City of the Serdi" in Greek) and Triaditza (, "Trinity" in Greek), were mentioned by Byzantine Greek sources or coins. 78", " - 01.1887 - 12.2007", "Weather Sofia Monthly Weather History- freemeteo.bg", ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-VI/BU/15614.TXT, "Weather Sofia Daily Weather History| freemeteo.bg", "Sofia, Bulgaria - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast", "Air pollution in Sofia, other Bulgarian cities hugely exceeded norms several times this winter", "Bulgaria's Air Is Dirtiest in Europe, Study Finds, Followed by Poland", "Bulgaria: Bad air quality in Sofia on January 6 2018", "Sofia Municipal Council Adopted Measures to Tackle Air Pollution", "Brussels: Sofia has no projects targeting air pollution standartnews.com", "Odrysian Kingdom - the first country on the Balkans", " 24.04.2016 9:331205 ", "Dio, Roman History, Book 51, chapter 25", "Trakiia 12 41- "Da diese mit ihrem blinden Knig Siras verbndete der Rmer waren ergab dies den Vorwand fr den Kriegszug von Crassus. Sofia (/ s o f i , s f-, s o f i / SOH-fee-, SOF-; Bulgarian: , romanized: Sofiya, IPA: ()) is the capital and largest city of Bulgaria.It is situated in the Sofia Valley at the foot of the Vitosha mountain in the western parts of the country. III. The city produced multicolored sgraffito ceramics, jewelry and ironware. Besides the city proper, the 24 districts of Sofia Municipality encompass three other towns and 34 villages. Objective jail classification (OJC) is a process of assessing every jail inmate's custody and program needs and is considered one of the most important management tools available to jail administrators and criminal justice system planners. Thus, Sofia became the first capital on the world to be overflown by enemy aircraft.[114]. [99] Several of the city's governors were members of the Bulgarian imperial family and held the title of sebastokrator, the second highest at the time, after the tsar. The Ottomans came to favour the name Sofya (). There are 16 industrial and logistics parks in Sofia, some sprawling to towns in neighbouring Sofia Province, such as Bozhurishte, Kostinbrod and Elin Pelin. [204] The city also hosts 23 of Bulgaria's 51 higher education establishments and more than 105,000 university students. Serdica became part of the First Bulgarian Empire during the reign of Khan Krum in 809, after a long siege. Increasing are frauds, drug-related crimes, petty theft and vandalism. [157] There are also various other sports complexes in the city which belong to institutions other than football clubs, such as those of the National Sports Academy, the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, or those of different universities. Overall, Sofia has 186km (116 miles) of railway lines. [156] A velodrome with 5,000 seats in the city's central park is undergoing renovation. [70] During the October 2017 March 2018 heating season, particulate levels exceeded the norm on 70 occasions;[69] on 7 January 2018, PM10 levels reached 632g/m3,[72] some twelve times the EU norm of 50g/m3. Historically, after World War II and the era of industrialisation under socialism, the city and its surrounding areas expanded rapidly and became the most heavily industrialised region of the country, with numerous factories producing steel, pig iron, machinery, industrial equipment, electronics, trams, chemicals, textiles, food. Sofia was selected as the capital of the Third Bulgarian State in the next year, ushering a period of intense demographic and economic growth. NY: Harry N. Abrams Inc., 1998. The extension of the underground system is hoped to alleviate the city's immense traffic problems. Ancient Gold: The Wealth of the Thracians. [133], With a murder rate of 1.7/per 100.000 people (as of 2009[update]) Sofia is a quite safe capital city. [168] The total nominal GDP in 2018 was 38.5billion leva ($22.4billion), or 33,437 leva ($19,454) per capita,[169][170] and average monthly wages in March 2020 were $1,071, the highest nationally. According to the 2011 census, people aged 2024 years are the most numerous group, numbering 133,170 individuals and accounting for 11% of the total 1,202,761 people. [139] Corruption in Bulgaria also affects Sofia's authorities. [95][97], The city eventually fell to the Byzantine Empire in 1018, following the Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria. The people with juridical status divorced or widowed are either part of the factual singles or those having another type of partnership, each of the two constitutes by around 10% of the population aged over 20. Its largest branch is Kvadrat 500, located on the NFGA premises, where some 2,000 works are on display in twenty eight exhibition halls. [21] This triangle was recently expanded to a "square" and includes the Catholic Cathedral of St Joseph. [171] Services dominate the economy, accounting for 88.6% of the gross value added, followed by industry 11.3% and agriculture 0.1%.[169][172]. [80], The Celtic tribe Serdi gave their name to the city. [46] The record snow depth is 57cm (22.4in) (25 December 2001). Its Institute of Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy will operate the largest cyclotron in the country. Bianquis, C.E. [23] It was Europe's most affordable capital to visit in 2013. There is also a wide variety of hostels and smaller family guesthouses. Weather can be very unstable and dynamic with sudden significant temperature amplitudes.

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