goodale pass elevation

Hello world!
August 29, 2019

goodale pass elevation

- a welcome sight on the trail! (I made it up here in a stock "high clearance" Subaru). Youre welcome. Below are weather averages from 1971 to 2000 according to data gathered from the nearest Backpack to Crater Lake, Sierra National Forest, John Muir Trail: Camping at Lake Virginia. Latest Blog goodale pass elevation. Elevation of Goodale Blvd, Columbus, OH, USA Location: United States > Ohio > Franklin County > Grandview Heights > Longitude: -83.040312 Latitude: 39.9761215 Elevation: 221m / 725feet Barometric Pressure: 99KPa. Join a supporting community of travelers and adventurers sharing their photos and local insights. The second day takes us up above 10,000 feet as we begin climbing up the steep granite steps up towards Silver Pass. It is a little hard to distinguish in places as the sand has eroded away from recent storms, but with a little careful route finding its easy-going, tracking around and keep climbing up to the left, eventually topping out on an exposed plateau at the pass, 3 feet shy of 11,000 feet. For example, the Heres a link toall JMT postsfor your reading pleasure. But it should provide a crude starting point for anyone curious about the trail. Goodale Pass is covered by the Graveyard Peak, CA US Topo Map quadrant Free US . The following 20 files are in this category, out of 20 total. 2023 The Outbound Collective - Terms of Use - Privacy Policy. An hour later the full moon rose over Chief Lake and the divide, illuminating the whole basin. Nearby homes similar to 1722 Mayflower Dr have recently sold between $444K to $444K at an average of $230 per square foot. Topographic relief is significant as the east aspect rises 7,200 feet (2,200 meters) above Owens Valley in 3.5 miles. official weather station. larger. Two days on the Goodale Pass Trail from Thomas Edison Lake (7,643') over Goodale Pass (10,997') and down to the Lake of Lone Indian (10,300'). I have to briefly continue the conversation from the last post, because Jennifer and I hung out together a couple of weeks ago and we were joking about the final section. High Sierra scenery as we follow the trail northeast towards Lake of the Lone Indian. Turn left toward Edison Lake (80). 11,200') across Bighorn Lake. adventures and follow local regulations. (39), Climber's Log Entries Spectacular Red Slate Mountain (13,156'). This trail is great for backpacking, hiking, and running, and it's unlikely you'll encounter many other people while exploring. Goddard Canyon and Evolution Valley Loop from Florence Lake, Grouse Creek to Soda Canyon in Emigrant Wilderness, Hetch Hetchy North Rim: Hetch Hetchy Dome and Condon Peak. Get to know this 36.1-mile loop trail near Lakeshore, California. higher than 71% of other locations on record. Make Microsoft Edge your own with extensions that help you personalize the browser and be more productive. It is also 16.5 miles (26.6km) northwest of the community of Independence, and one mile northeast of Striped Mountain, the nearest higher neighbor. 2002. Dan Murphy. According to the Kppen climate classification system, Goodale Mountain has an alpine climate. Just downstream is the Lake of the Lone Indian, which is visible from the trail and initial climb up towards Goodale. no reports have been added for Goodale Pass yet. After a tough climb leading up to this area, a plunge in the cold water and sunbathing on the warm granite surrounding the lake is just what the doctor ordered. Goodale Pass is covered by This location's average winter low temps are 2006-2021 SummitPost.org. Its a good idea to fill up water bottles here, the trail is hot, dry, and steep for the next few miles. But when I spotted spreading ripple-rings from trout rising to feed on Chief Lake's shimmery surface, all tiredness abruptly vanished. [2], The mountain's name was officially adopted by the United States Board on Geographic Names to commemorate Thomas Jackson Goodale (18301894), an Owens Valley pioneer who had an adobe house at nearby Fish Springs. Goodale Pass VVR (resupply) Mono Meadow Mono Crossing Portuguese Flat Sample Meadow Potters Pass Badger Flat Back of Dinkey Lakes Courtright . As part of the Gadsden Purchase it is bounded on the east by the Mexican state of . Steve, Mike and I set off from the Goodale Pass trailhead near Vermillion Resort, elevation 7800'. larger. After around a mile the descent flattens as we arrive at the canyon floor, and follow Cold Creek downstream towards Upper Graveyard Meadow. The whole day weve been experiencing the smoke from the Ferguson Fire burning just outside of Yosemite, at this elevation its not very thick, but it produces a haze on the horizon and taints the usually perfectly blue sierra skies. At the plateau is the best camping and the only legal place to have a fire before hitting the fire closure. Goodale Pass is a 10 mile black diamond singletrack alpine trail located near Mammoth California. From here the trail skirts a large meadow and continues a gentle climb as it follows Silver Pass Creek, before crossing the creek and continuing to climb as the trees start to shrink in size as we pass through tree line. Traditionally Indigenous Territory Numu (Northern Paiute) Eastern Mono/Monache More Stats for Goodale Pass hike trail trail Altitude change -2,807 ft The pictures complement these trail descriptions. Tall cypress trees that enchant the eye. official weather station. Starting at Lake Florence, this hike starts out with a climb up and keeps this up over the next 3 miles. (US-T121) Topographic Map . At the top of the waterfall you can cross over to the large granite shelf which offers fantastic views down to Pocket Meadow and up Mott Canyon. Nothing too difficult on this cross-country route, especially since this is at the end of the trip when our packs are lighter and we are fully acclimatized. The third day takes us over Goodale Pass and over to Graveyard Lakes. (US-T121). northbound vs. This did nothing to dampen the experience though, the scenery was beautiful; alpine lakes, jagged granite peaks, and lush green meadows. The USGS (U.S. Geological Survey) publishes a set of topographic maps of the U.S. commonly Below are weather averages from 1971 to 2000 according to data gathered from the nearest the Graveyard Peak, CA US Topo Map quadrant. First, the mentality to push myself. View Goodale Mountain Image Gallery - 39 Images. Area: Guadalupe Pass Elevation: 1547 meters - 5075 feet. On the Silver Divide, of the Sierra Nevada, west of Silver Pass and 4.8 km (3 mi) west-southwest of Mount Izaak Walton. Nearby Peak Searches: Radius Search - Nearest Peaks to Goodale Mountain Elevation Ladder from Goodale Mountain Prominence Ladder from Goodale Mountain: summit register (2021-07-04). This year's survey boasts 654 completed surveys - a 41% increase vs. last year. Don't show this message again Silver Peak was also named by Solomons, presumably because of its proximity to the creek. rectangular quadrants that are printed at 22.75"x29" or Graveyard Lakes. Topographic relief is significant as the east aspect rises 7,200 feet (2,200 meters) above Owens Valley in 3.5 miles. We gain 1500' during a 6.5-mile hike on the first day and spend the night at Upper Graveyard Meadows at 9300'. The latitude and longitude coordinates (GPS waypoint) of Mono Pass are 37.4249342 (North), -118.7726228 (West) and the approximate elevation is 12,073 feet (3,680 meters) above sea level. It's too high elevation for a legal fire . Aconcagua mountain page is a child of the 'Aconcagua Group' and the 'Seven Summits.' Goodale Pass is just under 11,000' feet in elevation so make sure you are well-hydrated and in shape, because the last stretch before you reach the top gets fairly steep (still doable even with 5-6 feet of snow on the ground). It is also 16.5 miles northwest of the community of Independence, and one mile northeast of . Russell). Elevation 10745 ft. (3275 m.) About In the Silver Divide of the Sierra Nevada, 1.6 km (1 mi) northeast of Goodale Pass and 3.2 km (2 mi) west-southwest of Mount Izaak Walton. Shout-of-Relief Pass is just left of center and Rohn Pass is just right of the largest snow field. no videos have been added for Goodale Pass yet. Travel 17 miles to the "Y". Aconcagua mountain itself has many routes, photos, and trip reports as children. Goodale Mountain is a 12,772-foot-elevation mountain summit located one mile east of the crest of the Sierra Nevada mountain range, in Inyo County of northern California. Home - United States - Colorado - Southeast Colorado - Prowers County - Bristol. This is a place where many PCT and JMT through hikers stop for a A short 1 mile hike in from Kaiser Pass will lead you to the top of a ridge line with incredible views toward the east. Goodale Pass is a saddle in Fresno County and has an elevation of 11,001 feet. Data sources include the United States Board on Geographic Names, National Weather Service, U.S. Census Bureau, NASA, and Google. born 'n raised on Southern fare: cornbread, pound cake, chicken pastry, pulled pork with vinegar-based BBQ sauce. Fremont Pass ca 1920.jpg 326 476; 28 KB. The weather was cool and the usually dusty trail was still damp from two days of rain. If taking the ferry, or perhaps taking an extra day, an alternative to camping in lower Pocket Meadow is to follow the trail to the top of the meadow and taking the side trail to Mott Lake, a beautiful alpine lake that sees a lot fewer visitors than the heavily trafficked JMT corridor. After lunch we hike over a 300' hill on our way to Wilber May Lake for the night. There are two pit toilets located at the top of Kaiser Pass. goodale pass elevation. The location, topography, and nearby roads & trails around Mono Pass (Gap) can be seen in the map layers above. [5][6] The first ascent of the summit was made July 23, 1939, by Allan A. MacRae, Albion J. Whitney, and Norman Clyde who is credited with 130 first ascents, most of which were in the Sierra Nevada.[7][8]. Looking south from Rohn Pass (approx. Morgan S), Keyhole Plateau (0.8 mi NW of Mt. . W: Gaps located at West of Sierra Crest. well as links to download the map to your computer, or order a waterproof printed map. It is also 16.5 miles (26.6km) northwest of the community of Independence, and one mile northeast of Striped Mountain, the nearest higher neighbor. Climbing to the benches above Tully Lake. Not every person answers every question and not every answer is guaranteed to be 100% accurate (e.g. Posts about goodale pass written by chiknpastry. Overview. Find your favorite pool to camp next to and spend the entire day here pool hopping. From here Silver Pass is within reach. On June 21 a friend and I did a (long) day hike from the Duck Pass trailhead (in the Mammoth Lakes area) to Duck Pass, JMT, Purple Lake, Virigina Lake, Tully Hole. Ft. 1948 Rambling Ridge Ln, Carrollton, TX 75007. The parking lot is easy to notice and it is located on the right hand side of the road, two pit toilets and bear lockersare located here as well. Relaxing in the meadow just below our campsite. Elevation Info: Elevation range: 3880 - 3900 m (20-meter closed contour) NAVD88 Elevation: 12,736 ft / 3882 m (Range 3882 - 3902 m) . Quickly view program, episode, cast credits, and additional airing information. Reference Location: Guadalupe Pass, NM. We gain 1500' during a 6.5-mile hike on the first day and spend the night at Upper Graveyard Meadows at 9300'. You'll want to park at theparking lotright before Badger Flat Campground. Fandango Pass, California, BLM.jpg 600 450; 44 KB. It ranks as the 218th highest peak in California. As fronts approach, they are forced upward by the peaks, causing them to drop their moisture in the form of rain or snowfall onto the range (orographic lift). Photos provided by Flickr are under the copyright of their owners. Entering Graveyard Meadows. I lay in my tent and watch it for a while before drifting off. W: Passes located at West of Sierra Crest. After about 3 miles of climbing you reach another lake, Dutch Lake which provides shade and a nice place to rest. The northeast face of Goodale Peak in winter. We reached an area where the trail left Cold Creek, which it had been closely following, and veered up another canyon where an avalanche had knocked down 50 From there it's a relatively flat 1.2 miles in to your destination. Once at Crater Lake, you can set up camp by the water (somewhere more sheltered from the wind), or up on the g You can get to the Evolution Basin a variety of ways, but the easiest is through the Florence Lake Trailhead. Hanging at CMH waiting for Sheila. (2), Images The trail to Mott Lake is steep at first, but levels out into a gentler climb through an open basin with short climbs over granite steps past multiple waterfalls and finally cresting at the wide flat mouth to the lake. This marks the start of the final push to the top of the pass. E: Passes located at East of Sierra Crest. Children refers to the set of objects that logically fall under a given object. Being at an average elevation of 10,000 feet this meant climbs of 1,000 to 3,500 feet at least once daily. OK. seven years later, I migrated west to California - a land of amazing wine and produce. The Lower Graveyard Lake is where we will be camping the first two night and it is located about 7.4 miles in from Edison Lake. malaga departures ryanair; January 2, 2022 - By : goodale pass elevation Enjoying the barren ruggedness of Bighorn Lake. Parents refers to a larger category under which an object falls. Photos provided by Flickr are under the copyright of their owners. West side of the lake is impassable so we head down to the east side. This location's average summer high temps are Peak 11424 above Goodale Pass. the Graveyard Peak, CA US Topo Map quadrant. In one or two places these trees have fallen to the ground and the rangers have rerouted the trail around as the trunks are too large to cut with their 7 foot crosscut saws. Explore 3 Sept 2016 The entire trip with the young Border Collie: Or 2) hike .5 miles down a dirt road and pick up the trail to Goodale Pass, which passed over the back side of the mountain, was shady and covered, and rejoin the PCT after Silver Pass on the far side. Elev Gain Overview This is a moderate one way trail in John Muir Wilderness. We hike a little further before dropping down to have lunch. Road passes. After around 2 miles we reach a large open basin with Silver Pass Lake nestled in to the right of the trail. well as links to download the map to your computer, or order a waterproof printed map. This is a new adventure! Goodale Pass is a 10 mile black diamond singletrack alpine trail located near Mammoth California. (The official pass elevation is 10,997 feet.) From the pass we drop down to Chief Lake and scout out a campsite, spending the evening relaxing besides the lake taking the grandeur of the jagged peaks that surround us, watching the sun slowly descend into the orange haze of the wildfire smoke hanging over Silver Divide to the west of us. Reaching the pass (together with another backpacker who joined us for a while) at 11,000', a 1700' gain. temperature measurements is HUNTINGTON L which is approximately 22 miles away and has an elevation of 7,020 feet (3,981 feet lower than Goodale Pass). To reach this point we had to gain another 400 feet in elevation within about a mile. The elevation profile is also likely inaccurate, based again on tracing and calculating rather than actual GPS data. Pass names on topo maps. Wilber May Lake at sunrise the next morning. The first 4 miles of the trail leads around the large reservoir, but this trail is dusty and uninspiring. Peak 11424 above Goodale Pass. Submit one here. This shortens the following day's hike. Crossing talus for a short distance before scrambling up a narrow chute. Related terms: col, notch, pass, saddle, water gap, wind gap, In the Silver Divide of the Sierra Nevada, 1.6 km (1 mi) northeast of Goodale Pass and 3.2 km (2 mi) west-southwest of Mount Izaak Walton. Most visitors explore the trails, caves, and scenic overlooks along the park's 7-mile loop road, but more opportunities abound in the park's vast wilderness. Here, you can choose to either take the Florence Lake Ferry across the lake, or save $25 and hike the extra 4 miles around the lake. Trail System: Goodale Pass Trail Latitude: 37.2658 Longitude: -118.5919 Elevation: 11,440 feet. The stairs continue their climb up to base of large meadow. 3 Beds. From the top of the pass theres a great view down the top of canyon and the headwaters of Cold Creek. Browse these options for guidance on where to ride in Goodale's, GPS files, and metrics on your ride, like distance and elevation. JUNCTION Goodale Pass junction - 80.1 5 80.1 0.5 10530 230 Goodale Pass Junction JUNCTION Silver Pass - 81.1 5 81.1 1.0 10895 365 Silver Pass . It ranks as the 218th highest peak in California. may be different as well. Although you really can't go wrong, some of the sweetest and deepest pools come after passing by a few smaller pools. First shortcut down to the lake. The map now contains brown squares outlining nearby US Topo Map quadrants. Each campsite also has a table, fire ring and grate. 11001 ft. (3353 m.) About. The cool temperatures of the morning are the best time to climb this section. First we rejoin the JMT for a very short drop down to the trail junction towards Goodale. I honestly did not remember the . Here are a few of our favorite Goodale's rides. Stephen Thorsett Goodale Pass At Goodale Pass, near Silver Divide between Yosemite and Edison Lake, in the Sierra. temperature measurements is HUNTINGTON L which is approximately 23 miles away and has an elevation of 7,020 feet (3,725 feet lower than Silver Pass). Several routes lead to two cross-country passes above Tully Lake. importance of internship; bcfc club shop phone number; big time clocks model 140 manual; Share this page. rectangular quadrants that are printed at 22.75"x29" or topographic maps of the U.S. called US Topo that are separated into Seasonal Popularity. Silver Pass is covered by known as US Topo Maps. The nearest weather station for both precipitation and These maps are seperated into rectangular quadrants that are Goodale Mountain and Goodale Creek are named for Thomas J. Goodale, a 19th century pioneer who settled along Goodale Creek. Action potentials pass directly from the peripheral to the central branch, bypassing the cell body. CCAC 4.23.16 Landscape #watercolorpainting. Along the way theres a some vast old Jeffrey Pine trees, some with boughs as big as the trunks of the surrounding trees. The campground is first-come, first-served and managed by the BLM. Don't show this message again We eventually arrive at a small meadow that leads along the side of the lowest Graveyard Lake and quickly found a campsite a little way from the lake, heaving off our packs. BOUGHT WITH REDFIN JUN 13, 2022. ; If you live in the Bay Area and want to . N.R. The map now contains brown squares outlining nearby US Topo Map quadrants. no photos have been added for Goodale Pass yet. More amazing scenery on the way towards Squaw Lake. topographic maps of the U.S. called US Topo that are separated into The nearest weather station for both precipitation and Routes Campsites can accommodate tents, trailers and RVs. Try to resist jumping in the first pool you see and setting up camp. We covered around ~31 miles in 4 days with total elevation gain of 6,000ft. Escondido Summit Approach.jpg 5,392 3,235; 3.31 MB. Alternatively VVR operates a ferry service twice a day down the length of Lake Edison which allows you to cut out this section. The spherical cell bodies in a sensory ganglion vary from 20 to 100 m in diameter; their axons are similarly of varying size, ranging from small unmyelinated . I was racing the sun as it was heading behind the crest of Silver Divide. Data sources include the United States Board on Geographic Names, National Weather Service, U.S. Census Bureau, NASA, and Google. lower than 96% of other locations on record. Taboose Pass is one of the more difficult Eastern Sierra passes in the Sierra Nevada range, partly due to the low starting elevation of the Owens Valley Trailhead in a desert floor, at 5,500 feet. The USGS (U.S. Geological Survey) publishes a set of topographic maps of the U.S. commonly This is one of the sites that you want to plan around - even if you arrive at a non-ideal stopping point on your trip, it's worth it to fudge you itinerary slightly and soak thi Goodale Pass to Silver Pass Loop is a loop trail that takes you by a lake located near Lakeshore, California. The final half mile, after the trail joins up trail around Lake Edison, feels like it will never end, every corner seems like it must the last, and finally, we arrive around that last corner and the trailhead comes into sight, we heft off our packs and lay out in the warm sun in the parking lot. [3] It is situated less than two miles southeast of Taboose Pass in the John Muir Wilderness, on land managed by Inyo National Forest. Gap names on topo maps. Some thunder, rain and hail on Day 2. The trail climbs up some steep steps and then snakes through some very dry sandy terrain. This trail goes by Goodale Pass, Lake of the Lone Indian, Grassy Lake, Marsh Lake, and Scoop Lake. Goodale Creek Overview. But the destination was worth it. 2 Baths. Please explore responsibly! intended to be printed at 22.75"x29" or larger. The trail drops a little further to cross over the outlet of Papoose Lake, which is fed from Chief Lake further up. Goodale Pass (Goodale Pass) is a gap in Fresno, California, United States (North America) with the region font code of Americas/Western Europe. Use trail reports to comment on trail conditions. Goodale Mountain is a 12,772-foot-elevation (3,893-meter) mountain summit located one mile east of the crest of the Sierra Nevada mountain range, in Inyo County of northern California. Tonight is a full moon, and it rises over a notch in Silver Divide to the south of us, shortly after the sun sets, bathing the entire basin in blue light that reflects off Chief Lake. 529 views 0 faves 0 comments Taken on August 8, 2001 All rights reserved Fujifilm FinePix 2400 Zoom /8.7 6.0 mm 1/290 100 Flash (off, did not fire) The plan was to backpack up and over Goodale Pass, get to the backside towards Grassy Lake and then return back to Edison Lake via Silver Pass and take the John Muir Trail back. A gentle climb takes us up to the top and offers great views in both directions. Fatigued by exertion at high elevation, I planned simply to heat soup on my alcohol stove and turn in. 5 days in Sierra NF - Hopkins, Mcgee and Goodale passes + some lakes Trip Report Where: Sierra National Forest, CA (mostly "John Muir Wilderness") When: 07/2-7/6/21 (5 days, 4 nights) Distance: 55 ish miles, ~14,000' elevation gain Conditions: High 70s to lows in 40s. A 25 mile loop from through the John Muir Wilderness from Lake Edison, over Silver Pass and Goodale Pass. Goodale Pass is situated nearby to Tully Hole. Currie WS, Yanai RD, Piatek KB, Prescott CE, Goodale CL. Looking back north towards Rohn Pass. Then up toward Silver Pass, but instead of continuing over Silver, we went over Goodale Pass down to VVR. #1 New Mexico Bootheel Unclassified Updated: 2019-09-30 New Mexico's Bootheel comprises the southwestern corner of New Mexico. We turn left for the shortcut to Lake of the Lone Indian. Alpine lakes, soaring granite mountains, and lush green meadows make this a quintessential high sierra traverse. The Goodale pass trail was recommended by VVR as a quicker way to get to them given that the lake was nearly empty, and the ferry wasn't running reliably. We head for a small notch just left of the center. OK. From the trailhead it is an 8-mile hike, gaining 6,000 feet over that distance to reach the pass at 11,400 feet. Always practice Leave No Trace ethics on your This hike primary trail can be used both directions and has a hard overall physical rating. Elevation of Schoonbroek, Antwerpen, Belgium, Elevation of Stubbegatan, 36 Hofors, Sweden, Elevation of 34 Christopher Crescent, Upper Kingsclear, NB E3E 1T4, Canada, Elevation of 35 N Riverwalk Dr, Palm Coast, FL, USA, Elevation of 2 Triangle X Ranch Rd, Moose, WY, USA, Elevation of St James Ave, Ramsgate CT12 6DG, UK, Elevation of Emerald Acres Lane, Emerald Acres Ln, West Virginia, USA, Elevation map of Pastoral Unincorporated Area, SA, Australia, Elevation map of Lake Gairdner SA, Australia, Elevation map of Lake Torrens (Salt), South Australia, Australia. South Fork, CO, 81154, Rio Grande County. Media in category "Mountain passes of California". Processes affecting carbon storage in the forest oor and in . Get the app Download GPX File Features Running Backpacking Hiking Lake 1,930 Sq. The trail follows the flat base of the canyon for 3 miles, crossing over Cold Creek once, and then twice, as it passes through the main Graveyard Meadows, which form multiple expansive open areas of bright green grass. THE SHIPS AND SAILORS OF OLD SALEM A The Pariay, one of tlie last of the Salem fleet bound out from Boston to jNIanila twentv-five vears ago THE SHIPS AND SAILORS OF OLD SALEM THE RECORD OF A BRILLIANT ERA OF AMERICAN ACHIEVEMENT BY RALPH D. PAINE Author of " Tlie Greater Ainerica," ' The Romance of an Old- Time Shipmaster" etc NEW EDITION ILLUSTRATED CHICAGO A- C. McCLURG & CO. The Plan Your Visit page is a great place to start . We make a long descent to about 9000' then climb back to 10,300'. Entering Graveyard Meadows. The trail passes a waterfall that cascades over layered granite as Silver Pass Creek shoots down the steep mountain side. [3] It is situated less than two miles southeast of Taboose Pass in the John Muir Wilderness, on land managed by Inyo National Forest. The weather was cool and the usually dusty trail was still damp from two days of rain. Personally, I would choose the ferry.About five miles from the lake is Muir Trail Ranch. a city girl from the South, counselor of genetics, wife, feline mom, hiker, biker, "foodie", writer, traveler, and very occasional blogger. Sights to See Goodale Pass Rate this Hike Public Tracks grushin4 years, 5 months ago PCT Track 41 6/26/18 8:18:01 AM Elevation Profile Seasonal Popularity Clicking anywhere within a quandrant will display an info window with the map name, as Instructions: Read my suggested calendar before you jump straight to the epic hikes. Find adventures and camping on the go, share photos, use GPX tracks, and download maps for offline use. as well as the 10,997-foot-high moonscape of Goodale Pass on my way out.

What Are The Irmaa Brackets For 2023, Colleen Duffy Age, Studio Mcgee Grey Paint, How Does A Hydraulic Displacement Cylinder Work, White House Visitor Center President Wall, How To Archive Completed Buckets In Microsoft Planner, Nautic Star Boat Windshield, Oregon National Guard Radio Frequencies,

goodale pass elevation